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# 翻译
[[open-in-colab]]
<Youtube id="1JvfrvZgi6c"/>
翻译将一种语言的文本序列转换为另一种语言。它是可以表述为序列到序列问题的几个任务之一——这是一种从输入返回某些输出的强大框架,适用于翻译或摘要等任务。翻译系统通常用于不同语言文本之间的转换,但也可以用于语音,或者文本转语音、语音转文本等组合场景。
本指南将向您展示如何:
1. 在 [OPUS Books](https://huggingface.co/datasets/opus_books) 数据集的英法子集上微调 [T5](https://huggingface.co/google-t5/t5-small),将英文文本翻译成法文。
2. 使用微调后的模型进行推断。
<Tip>
如果您想查看所有与本任务兼容的架构和检查点,最好查看[任务页](https://huggingface.co/tasks/translation)。
</Tip>
在开始之前,请确保您已安装所有必要的库:
```bash
pip install transformers datasets evaluate sacrebleu
```
建议您登录 Hugging Face 账户,以便将模型上传并分享给社区。在提示时,输入您的令牌进行登录:
```py
>>> from huggingface_hub import notebook_login
>>> notebook_login()
```
## 加载 OPUS Books 数据集
首先从 🤗 Datasets 库中加载 [OPUS Books](https://huggingface.co/datasets/opus_books) 数据集的英法子集:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> books = load_dataset("opus_books", "en-fr")
```
使用 [`~datasets.Dataset.train_test_split`] 方法将数据集划分为训练集和测试集:
```py
>>> books = books["train"].train_test_split(test_size=0.2)
```
然后查看一个示例:
```py
>>> books["train"][0]
{'id': '90560',
'translation': {'en': 'But this lofty plateau measured only a few fathoms, and soon we reentered Our Element.',
'fr': 'Mais ce plateau élevé ne mesurait que quelques toises, et bientôt nous fûmes rentrés dans notre élément.'}}
```
`translation`:文本的英文和法文翻译。
## 预处理
<Youtube id="XAR8jnZZuUs"/>
下一步是加载 T5 分词器,处理英法语言对:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> checkpoint = "google-t5/t5-small"
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
```
您要创建的预处理函数需要:
1. 在输入前添加提示词,让 T5 知道这是一个翻译任务。某些能够处理多种 NLP 任务的模型需要针对特定任务提示。
2.`text_target` 参数中设置目标语言(法语),以确保分词器能正确处理目标文本。如果不设置 `text_target`,分词器会将目标文本作为英语处理。
3. 将序列截断至不超过 `max_length` 参数设置的最大长度。
```py
>>> source_lang = "en"
>>> target_lang = "fr"
>>> prefix = "translate English to French: "
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... inputs = [prefix + example[source_lang] for example in examples["translation"]]
... targets = [example[target_lang] for example in examples["translation"]]
... model_inputs = tokenizer(inputs, text_target=targets, max_length=128, truncation=True)
... return model_inputs
```
使用 🤗 Datasets 的 [`~datasets.Dataset.map`] 方法将预处理函数应用于整个数据集。通过设置 `batched=True` 一次处理数据集的多个元素,可以加速 `map` 函数:
```py
>>> tokenized_books = books.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```
现在使用 [`DataCollatorForSeq2Seq`] 创建一批样本。在整理时将句子*动态填充*至批次中的最长长度,比将整个数据集填充至最大长度更高效。
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForSeq2Seq
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer=tokenizer, model=checkpoint)
```
## 评估
在训练过程中加入评估指标有助于评估模型的性能。您可以使用 🤗 [Evaluate](https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/index) 库快速加载评估方法。对于此任务,加载 [SacreBLEU](https://huggingface.co/spaces/evaluate-metric/sacrebleu) 指标(参阅 🤗 Evaluate [快速教程](https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/a_quick_tour),了解更多关于加载和计算指标的信息):
```py
>>> import evaluate
>>> metric = evaluate.load("sacrebleu")
```
然后创建一个函数,将您的预测结果和标签传递给 [`~evaluate.EvaluationModule.compute`] 来计算 SacreBLEU 分数:
```py
>>> import numpy as np
>>> def postprocess_text(preds, labels):
... preds = [pred.strip() for pred in preds]
... labels = [[label.strip()] for label in labels]
... return preds, labels
>>> def compute_metrics(eval_preds):
... preds, labels = eval_preds
... if isinstance(preds, tuple):
... preds = preds[0]
... decoded_preds = tokenizer.batch_decode(preds, skip_special_tokens=True)
... labels = np.where(labels != -100, labels, tokenizer.pad_token_id)
... decoded_labels = tokenizer.batch_decode(labels, skip_special_tokens=True)
... decoded_preds, decoded_labels = postprocess_text(decoded_preds, decoded_labels)
... result = metric.compute(predictions=decoded_preds, references=decoded_labels)
... result = {"bleu": result["score"]}
... prediction_lens = [np.count_nonzero(pred != tokenizer.pad_token_id) for pred in preds]
... result["gen_len"] = np.mean(prediction_lens)
... result = {k: round(v, 4) for k, v in result.items()}
... return result
```
您的 `compute_metrics` 函数已准备就绪,在设置训练时会用到它。
## 训练
<Tip>
如果您不熟悉使用 [`Trainer`] 微调模型,请查看[这里](../training#train-with-pytorch-trainer)的基础教程!
</Tip>
现在可以开始训练模型了!使用 [`AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM`] 加载 T5
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, Seq2SeqTrainingArguments, Seq2SeqTrainer
>>> model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
```
此时,只剩三个步骤:
1. 在 [`Seq2SeqTrainingArguments`] 中定义训练超参数。唯一必需的参数是 `output_dir`,它指定保存模型的位置。通过设置 `push_to_hub=True`,将模型推送到 Hub您需要登录 Hugging Face 才能上传模型)。每个 epoch 结束时,[`Trainer`] 将评估 SacreBLEU 指标并保存训练检查点。
2. 将训练参数传递给 [`Seq2SeqTrainer`],同时传入模型、数据集、分词器、数据整理器和 `compute_metrics` 函数。
3. 调用 [`~Trainer.train`] 微调您的模型。
```py
>>> training_args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(
... output_dir="my_awesome_opus_books_model",
... eval_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... save_total_limit=3,
... num_train_epochs=2,
... predict_with_generate=True,
... fp16=True, #change to bf16=True for XPU
... push_to_hub=True,
... )
>>> trainer = Seq2SeqTrainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_books["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_books["test"],
... processing_class=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
训练完成后,使用 [`~transformers.Trainer.push_to_hub`] 方法将模型分享到 Hub让所有人都能使用您的模型
```py
>>> trainer.push_to_hub()
```
<Tip>
如需了解如何微调翻译模型的更深入示例,请参阅相应的
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/translation.ipynb)。
</Tip>
## 推断
很好,现在您已经微调了模型,可以用它进行推断了!
准备一些您想要翻译成另一种语言的文本。对于 T5您需要根据所处理的任务为输入添加前缀。对于从英语到法语的翻译前缀如下所示
```py
>>> text = "translate English to French: Legumes share resources with nitrogen-fixing bacteria."
```
对文本进行分词并将 `input_ids` 作为 PyTorch 张量返回:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("username/my_awesome_opus_books_model")
>>> inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids
```
使用 [`~generation.GenerationMixin.generate`] 方法创建翻译结果。有关不同文本生成策略和控制生成参数的更多详情,请查阅[文本生成](../main_classes/text_generation) API。
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
>>> model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("username/my_awesome_opus_books_model")
>>> outputs = model.generate(inputs, max_new_tokens=40, do_sample=True, top_k=30, top_p=0.95)
```
将生成的词元 id 解码回文本:
```py
>>> tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
'Les lignées partagent des ressources avec des bactéries enfixant l'azote.'
```